A camera is basically a light tight box, and in order to expose an image, there must be a way of letting in a controlled amount of light.
An aperture is simply a hole that lets in light.
A six-blade iris from a camera lens
Adjusting the size of the aperture controls the amount of light that enters the camera during exposure.
The size of the aperture opening is measured in f-stops.
Starting with f/1.0 we have a series of numbers that represent full stops.
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